![]() The "ego-structures of previous generations" leave behind their "precipitates in the id of their progeny." The id is historical and social because it contains important "phylogenetic acquisitions"-each individual inherits the entire cultural development of the species and its systems of rules, especially the incest taboo. It also contains "object cathexes" and is in some way interpersonal as well. The id is the "reservoir" of libido and hence is simultaneously psychic and somatic. Each is simultaneously psychic, somatic, object related, and cultural-historical. The equation of mind and conscious thought or reason or the psychical and conscious becomes untenable.Įach aspect of the mind-ego, id, and superego-is now described as constituted in and through inner and outer experiences. The mind's structure and processes become increasingly fragmented, fluid, and subject to complex and often unconscious alterations. The distinction between inner and outer determinants of experience breaks down. ![]() His later theories incorporate the qualities post-modernists prefer-heterogeneity flux, and alterity. However, Freud's theories of mind render such beliefs highly problematic. Both the rationalist's faith in the powers of reason and the empiricist's belief in the reliability of sense perception and observation are grounded in and depend on the mind's capacity to be at least partially undetermined by the effects of the body passions, and social authority or convention. Unlike many philosophers Freud conceptualizes the mind as fully embodied, inherently conflictual, dynamic, nonunitary, and constituted in and through processes that are intrinsically different and cannot be synthesized or organized into a permanent, hierarchical organization of functions or control. Freud constructs powerful and complex theories of the mind that contradict and challenge many contemporary epistemologies. ![]() As postmodernists argue, Freud's increasingly complex structural theories undermine the concepts of mind upon which Enlightenment concepts of knowledge depend.
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